Cameron Begg commented on my posting that multiple freeze-thaw cycles could have caused irreversible dehydration that prevented thickening in his mash. He then wondered, "how robust are the capsaicins in such freeze thaw situations?" I imagine by themselves, since they are relatively simple molecules, they would be fairly unfazed by freeze-thaw cycles. They could be broken free of any protective vesicles within the cells. As I mentioned earlier, enzymes are most certainly broken free of membranes and from within vessels and if there are any which could degrade capsaicin they would be free to react. Since most cell reactions are reversible, it is conceivable the last enzyme in the chain that makes capsaicin could also break it apart. Of course, if I recall correctly, the Cardinal said the mash produced by freeze-thaw is rather potent, so it appears any degradative enzyme activity is rather slight in this situation. Sources of xanthan gum? In a "natural" food store? I rather doubt it since xanthan, while it is a natural product just does not seem to fit the ideal of "natural," particularly since it is used as an additive. I could be wrong. My contact with it has been through industrial applications, not even for food use, though it is used in salad dressings, etc. George