If anyone is interested, the original research article is available online at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issuetoc?Type=DD&ID=99016698 That will give the table of contents for the research jounal that the article appears in. There is a choice of just viewing the abstract or viewing the article in pdf or html format. The "official" conclusion from the research article itself is: "In conclusion, our study, which reports on a relatively large number of cases, suggests that gallbladder cancer is related to longstanding gallstone disease, sometimes asymptomatic, and is more common in poor and less educated people. High consumption of red chili pepper was in our study a significant risk factor for gallbladder cancer. This does not necessarily mean that capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili pepper, is a risk factor; other factors associated with high chili pepper consumption may be important. One of these potential associations could be a high intake of fried foods, as observed in our study. Also, our data suggest that consumption of fresh fruit is a protective factor for gallbladder cancer. Further examination of every potential risk factor is warranted." So, it's not really good evidence that peppers themselves are causing the problem. Does anyone know how people in Chile use chile peppers? -Mark