Back in the dark ages of my career, I worked in epidemiology and such. It was then accepted as fact that botulinum toxin is not thermo-stable. If you get it hot it breaks down and is harmless. This has saved a lot of people from poisoning in the days of improper preservation. The mere touching of a finger-tip to the liquid of a contaminated food to taste it can contain enough toxin to be fatal, so ???'s 'When in doubt, throw it out' is very good advice. The other and far more common bacterial food poisoning (Salmonella FP is actually an infection) is from the toxin of Staphylococcus Aureous. It commonly forms in foods that are left too long at room temp, like Easter or Christmas fixin's. This toxin .is. heat stable and will not be affected by further cooking. Disclaimer: It has been quite a few years since I was current in the field, but I doubt that this has changed. Jim Campbell the Other