Byron, my grannie made soap until she was 15-y-o, but I wasn't around to watch her...<g>.... I do know that one needs (usually) animal fat and an alkali, but I couldn't write a term paper on it.. I understand that in agriculture, an alkali is a soluble mineral salt or a mixture of soluble salts, present in some soils -- especially in arid regions -- and is detrimental to the growing of most crops. I had an old fashioned German neighbor 50 years ago who always made her own soap. She certainly did not have ready access to wood ashes, but could have used sodium carbonate (washing soda), or sodium or potassium hydroxide, along with the animal fat. Penny in New York ___________________________________________________________________ You don't need to buy Internet access to use free Internet e-mail. Get completely free e-mail from Juno at http://www.juno.com/getjuno.html or call Juno at (800) 654-JUNO [654-5866]